High level overview to upgrade from SharePoint 2013 to SharePoint Server 2019
Overview
The upgrade scenario has not changed in SharePoint Server 2019. There is no direct upgrade path from 2013 to 2019. To upgrade to SharePoint Server 2019, you must upgrade SharePoint 2013 to SharePoint Server 2016, and then upgrade to SharePoint Server 2019. Your databases must be at a SharePoint Server 2016 RTM version or higher when you upgrade to SharePoint Server 2019. Any database with a lower version will be locked andupgrade will not start.
Secure Store service application
Business Data Connectivity service application
Managed Metadata service application
PerformancePoint Services service application
User Profile service application
Search service application
Steps to Upgrade
2013
In SharePoint 2013, if you have any web applications that are in windows authentication mode, you should convert them to claims authentication. Claims authentication is the default mode in SharePoint Server 2016 and SharePoint Server 2019.
Next, upgrade all the site collections from 14 mode to 15 mode by using the Upgrade-SPSite cmdlet. Any database with a 14 version will be locked and prevented from upgrading to SharePoint Server 2016. After the site collections have been upgraded, create a backup of all content and service application databases from your old farm (for example, SQL2013). Restore these databases to a new farm’s SQL Server in SharePoint Server 2016 (for example, SQL2016).
2016
In SharePoint Server 2016, build a new temporary farm that includes service applications. When the service applications are created use the existing database names that reside on SQL2016. After the new farm is created, create a new web application with a temporary database. Install any full trust solutions, administrator approved InfoPath forms, etc. Dismount the temporary content database from the web application.
Start the upgrade process to SharePoint Server 2016 by running the Mount-SPContentDatabase cmdlet on the restored content databases from SQL2016. After the upgrade process is complete, perform any individual configuration changes that are not part of the service application and content databases, such as incoming/outgoing email settings, etc.
2019
The steps to upgrade from SharePoint Server 2016 to SharePoint Server 2019 are the same as going from SharePoint 2013 to SharePoint Server 2016except for converting web applications to claims authentication and upgradingdatabase modes to level 15. These are not required.
Create a backup of all content and service application databases from your temporary farm (for example, SQL2016). Restore these databases to a new farm’s SQL Server in SharePoint Server 2019 (for example, SQL2019).
In SharePoint Server 2019, build a new farm that includes service applications. When the service applications are created use the existing database names that reside on SQL2019. After the new farm is created, create a new web application with a temporary database. Install any full trust solutions, administrator approved InfoPath forms, etc. Dismount the temporary content database from the web application.
Start the upgrade process to SharePoint Server 2019 by running the Mount-SPContentDatabase cmdlet on the restored content databases from SQL2019. After the upgrade process is complete, perform any individual configuration changes that are not part of the service application and content databases, such as incoming/outgoing email settings, etc.
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(Forrás: Microsoft)